Petro y La ideología alemana
En "La Ideología Alemana" de
Karl Marx y Engels, se encuentra en el capítulo sobre el comunismo como lo plantean los filósofos, la siguiente afirmación: "Esta contradicción entre fuerzas productivas y la
forma de intercambio, (...), tenía en cada caso hacer estallar una revolución,
asumiendo en cada caso distintas formas de colisiones secundarias como
contradicciones, lucha de ideas, lucha política. Desde un punto de vista
estrecho se puede extraer entonces una de estas formas secundarias considerarla
como base de estas revoluciones, lo que es tanto más fácil por cuanto que los
individuos a partir de los cuales se hicieron revoluciones se hacían ilusiones de
su propia actividad..."
Referencia
Marx, K., & Engels, F. (2021). La ideología alemana. Antología. En “El comunismo. Producción de la forma misma de
In English, with IA:
In The German Ideology by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, in the chapter on communism as conceived by the philosophers, the following statement appears:
“This contradiction between the productive forces and the form of exchange (…) had, in every case, to burst out into a revolution, taking on in each case different forms of secondary collisions such as contradictions, struggles of ideas, political struggles. From a narrow point of view, one can then extract one of these secondary forms and consider it as the basis of these revolutions, which is all the easier since the individuals who carried out these revolutions were under illusions about their own activity…”
Taking as a point of departure the cited passage from The German Ideology by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, in Part I, Feuerbach, Section C: Communism. The Production of the Form of Exchange Itself, one may construct a contemporary reading of the actions of President Gustavo Petro as Head of State in Colombia. Marx and Engels describe a historical constant: the tendency of political actors to interpret revolutions and social transformations not through the lens of structural contradictions—those arising between the productive forces and the forms of exchange—but through the “secondary collisions”: struggles of ideas, political or moral confrontations which, although noisy, represent only the visible surface of the conflict. In the case of President Petro, this observation regarding secondary collisions—frequent in his political conduct—proves partially pertinent.
President Petro has made language an instrument of political and symbolic mobilisation. His discourse presents itself as the continuation of the struggle for social justice, energy sovereignty, and total peace. Yet that same discourse, charged with intensity and abrupt gestures, has ultimately obscured—or at least blurred—the tangible achievements of his administration and, more problematically, the functioning of the State, which he, as Head, must direct to implement his governmental programme and manage the economy. What Marx would call the “illusions of their own activity” manifests in the present governmental context as a form of political overacting: Petro seems to conceive of his role as that of a permanent agitator of consciences, centred upon his own persona, rather than that of a statesman who must construct political balances and develop policies aimed at achieving social justice in an unequal country such as Colombia. It is striking that, in his addresses and on social media, he often refers to himself as “The President.”
From Marx’s materialist perspective, Petro’s government faces a contradiction between the “productive forces” it seeks to transform—the state apparatus, the economy dependent on extractivism, the financial elites, the broader financial capitalism—and the “forms of exchange” that continue to bind it to the logic of Colombian capitalism, which remains unequal, marked by entrenched state corruption (from which the current government has not been immune), centralised, and burdened with feudal remnants (where the money of drug trafficking and the landed oligarchies of Antioquia and the Caribbean coast is entrenched).
Instead of calmly presenting the concrete progress of his policies—such as the increase in social investment, the labour and pension reforms, the strengthening of public education, the distribution of land resulting from the Havana Accords, or the energy transition projects—the president appears focused on confrontations with the press, Congress, or oversight bodies, in the midst of a security crisis “fuelled by the war between armed groups controlling illegal economies, disputing the territory of 500 municipalities and the violent domination of their populations.”
In this sense, Petro reproduces the phenomenon Marx criticised: he confuses the secondary forms—the ideological struggle and the clash of narratives—with the essence of social transformation. His leadership, though legitimately inspired by an emancipatory project, often remains trapped in the “secondary collision” of public debate, where his impassioned temperament replaces strategic analysis. The result is political exhaustion, which benefits his adversaries—the traditional, business and landed right—and obscures the true meaning of the so-called “Government of Change.”
The reading of The German Ideology invites us to look beyond the noise of politics and to resist illusions and false ideas about oneself. Were Petro to conduct his government from this perspective, he would focus on institutionalising the transformations already initiated and on reforming the functioning of the State towards greater equity. His individuality, as Marx states, depends upon the productive forces that have arisen before him, differing across moments and individuals within a nation. It is therefore possible, as Marx also observes, that his consciousness (that of Petro, albeit erratic) has advanced further than the relations of production and the developing productive forces in Colombian history. Such consciousness, which may indeed characterise a leader, must be situated beyond the daily clashes he faces, particularly those sustained on social media, notably on X (formerly Twitter). In his governmental programme, during his candidacy, he even acknowledged the need to develop capitalism in the country, recognising the persistence of feudal and clientelist structures that continue to shape Colombian society.
The advancement of this consciousness, embodied by him as an individual (though inconsistently), lies not in words but in structures, which he has in fact attempted to transform despite full opposition grounded in misinformation. However, as long as he remains a prisoner of the “illusions of his own activity,” he risks being remembered by history—despite himself—more for his incendiary rhetoric than for the material achievements of his administration.
Reference
Marx, K., & Engels, F. (2021). The German Ideology: An Anthology. In “Communism. The Production of the Form of Exchange Itself” (pp. 162–163). Madrid: Alianza Editorial.

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